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--- tanjung_tokong_awal [2025/03/12 15:34] – [Sumber 1: Wazir Jahan Karim (2013)] sazli
+++ tanjung_tokong_awal [2025/03/12 21:53] (kini) – [Perkuburan di Bukit Meriam] sazli
@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 College General is also known as Mariophile, a name referring to the entire property, and not just the bungalow. What remain today are traces of what was once a vast estate and country retreat belonging to the College General of the Paris Foreign Missions Society (Société de Missions Étrangères de Paris), or the MEP. The MEP reached Malayan shores in 1781 after being expelled from Siam in 1779, arriving first at Kuala Kedah. Fr. Arnaud-Antoine Garnault and his congregation relocated to Penang in 1786 as soon as the British settled there. \\
 \\
-The College General can trace its history “back to the very first seminary in the region established in Ayutthaya, Siam, by the MEP in 1665” for the training of Asian clergy. In 1808, free from the persecution that they had faced in Indochina, the MEP reestablished their college at George Town after a hiatus. The following year, Collège Général de Poulo-Pinang relocated to Pulau Tikus, then a ramshackle seaside village, where it would remain for the next two centuries until 1984, when the land was sold. Gurney Plaza was later built over its grand main building. The College General then moved to its current location at Tanjung Bungah."//
+The College General can trace its history “back to the very first seminary in the region established in Ayutthaya, Siam, by the MEP in 1665” for the training of Asian clergy. In 1808, free from the persecution that they had faced in Indochina, the MEP reestablished their college at George Town after a hiatus. The following year, Collège Général de Poulo-Pinang relocated to Pulau Tikus, then a ramshackle seaside village, where it would remain for the next two centuries until 1984, when the land was sold. Gurney Plaza was later built over its grand main building. The College General then moved to its current location at Tanjung Bungah. \\
+..... \\
+Mariophile means “fond of Mary”, from the Latin word for Mary, mari and the French suffix “-phile”. This term reflects the Catholic tradition of Marian devotion, which places special emphasis on the veneration of Jesus Christ’s mother. \\
+\\
+French historian, Bernard Patary, an authority on the history of the College General, stated that as early as 1834, “the minutes [of the College] refer to two plantations, that of the College and another located at Tanjong Tokong, not far from Pulo Tikus”. \\
+\\
+The earliest mention of Mariophile that I managed to find was in a letter dated 28 October 1843 by the Superior, Fr. Claude-Charles Tisserand, regarding some travaux á Mariophile (works at Mariophile). During this early period, Mariophile appeared to be just a plantation—there is no mention of it as a retreat, nor of the presence of a country house—although there are mentions of some construction works and expenses. Another letter by him from 30 May 1846 gives us a glimpse of those early days: \\
+\\
+“The good Chinaman Ya Yin Ko has been a faithful servant of the College these eleven years past. He has ever served us with marked intelligence and, above all, with unfailing loyalty. At present, he oversees the plantations at our country estate of Mariophile, which he quits but briefly to visit his wife and children, in his earnest desire to lead them upon the path of salvation.” \\
+\\
+The present bungalow was built much later. The “Mémorial de La Société des Missions-Étrangères”, published by the MEP in 1886, credits Fr. François-Victor Chibaudel, the procureur,[2] as being responsible for the construction of the new “country house at Mariophile”. The construction was approved on 12 October 1872. By 1874, it was already completed; Fr. Joseph Liagre describes a “grand house erected at Mariophile, complete with drawing room, eight chambers, a veranda, and a pavilion—the prospect and air being truly delightful therein”. \\
+\\
+The estate was continually expanded with adjacent lands purchased piecemeal, as shown in this letter sent from Paris to the College General dated 17 April 1849: \\
+\\
+“M. Tisserand tells us in a letter we received these past few days that at the beginning of 1847 he acquired a piece of land adjacent to Mariophile for 400 piastres to clear its most uncultivated part and plant nutmeg trees there. Today, this land would be worth between 1,000 to 1,200 piastres...” \\
+\\
+Seven decades later, the College General had become the largest landowner in Tanjung Tokong. The Superior, Fr. Justin Pagès, reported on 16 September 1920 that the “Mariophile plantation is 80 hectares”, equivalent to 112 football fields."//
+{{:gambar:04_mariophile.jpg?450|The Mariophile bungalow is decorated with an old Dutch cannon in front.}}{{:gambar:08_mariophile.jpg?280|The Z-VOC-M cypher on this late 18th-century Dutch cannon}} \\
+**Kiri**: //"The Mariophile bungalow is decorated with an old Dutch cannon in front. Construction began in 1872 and was completed by 1874. The bungalow is currently used as the archive building of the College General. The symbol of the MEP can be seen on the pediment—the letters M and E with a Christian cross. The architectural style is similar to Lim Leng Cheak’s country house, Elsiedale, 1km south of it. Photo: Eugene Quah Ter-Neng."// \\
+**Kanan**: //"The Z-VOC-M cypher on this late 18th-century Dutch cannon meant it was commissioned by the Zeeland Kamer (Zeeland Chamber) of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) based in Middelburg. The trunnion inscriptions Ö and 1785 indicate it was forged in the “iron foundry in Överrum in Sweden” in that year. This cannon was likely one of the 30, including the famous Si Rambai, that were brought to Penang as war trophies in 1871 by Colonel Anson from the fort of Kuala Selangor. Sir Frederick Weld, Anson’s successor, may have donated it to the College General as a decorative piece. Inset: The Crest of the Zeeland Chamber of VOC in Middelburg. Photo: Eugene Quah Ter-Neng."//
+//"Priest Hill
+Today, the grounds of College General still cover a substantial portion of the foothills of the west-facing secondary peak of Mount Erskine. Maps show this hillock only acquired the name Bukit Paderi (Priest Hill)[3] in the 20th century. Jules Moniot’s[4] map of 1853 makes no mention of Bukit Paderi, and only records the names “Mount Erskine” and “R.C. College Plantations” for the site. \\
+\\
+While oral tradition holds that the hillock was known as Bukit Meriam before the MEP acquired it—supposedly due to a cannon attributed to Captain Light—the Straits Settlements records give a different account: \\
+\\
+On 15 April 1807, Thomas Stamford Raffles, then Secretary of the Penang Presidency, informed the government that John James Erskine[5] and the Company’s chaplain Rev. Atwill Lake had applied to clear an unnamed hill “to the westward of Pulo Ticoose Point[6] the property of the [East India] Company”. [See Penang Monthly’s July and August 2022 issues on Mount Erskine.] \\
+\\
+There is only one hill matching that description—today’s Mount Erskine. Raffles later informed the applicants that “the Board permit you to clear the ground applied for”, indicating it was then just jungle. Erskine named the hill after himself (now colloquially known as Pearl Hill). Tellingly, in the subsequent years, he made no mention of discovering neither a cannon nor remnants of a stockade there. \\
+\\
+There are also no known archival sources that show that the College General was granted any of the Mariophile lands, as suggested by oral tradition. Instead, Patary offered convincing evidence from the MEP’s own records that the lands were bought in the open market. Funds were raised through mostly rental of land and buildings, supplemented by funding sent from Paris."//
-{{:gambar:04_mariophile.jpg?450|The Mariophile bungalow is decorated with an old Dutch cannon in front.}} \\
+(Sumber: Eugene Quah @ Penang Monthly, 2024: {{ :laman:mariophile_the_early_days_of_the_estate_and_country_retreat_of_the_college_general.pdf ||}}[[https://www.penangmonthly.com/mariophile-the-early-days-of-the-estate-and-country-retreat-of-the-college/|"Mariophile: The Early Days of the Estate and Country Retreat of the College General"]]).
-//"The Mariophile bungalow is decorated with an old Dutch cannon in front. Construction began in 1872 and was completed by 1874. The bungalow is currently used as the archive building of the College General. The symbol of the MEP can be seen on the pediment—the letters M and E with a Christian cross. The architectural style is similar to Lim Leng Cheak’s country house, Elsiedale, 1km south of it. Photo: Eugene Quah Ter-Neng."//
 ===== Kegiatan Pendakwah Muslim Sejak 1750-an =====
@@ Line 140: / Line 171: @@
 (Sumber utama: Wazir Jahan Karim, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,
 Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 86, Part 1, June 2013, No. 304 pp. 1-29: {{ ::buku:karim2013.pdf ||}}[[https://doi.org/10.1353/ras.2013.0002|"The 'Discovery' of Penang Island at Tanjong Tokong before 1785: Bapu Alaidin Meera Hussein Lebai and Captain Francis Light"]]).
+===== Asal-Usul Nama "Tanjung Tokong" =====
+==== Sumber 1: Timothy Tye (2017) ====
+Sesetengah pihak berpendapat nama "Tanjung Tokong" berasal dari tokong "Tua Pek Kong" yang telah wujud sebelum kedatangan British:-
+//"Tanjong Tokong Tua Pek Kong Temple (GPS: 5.46381, 100.30778) is the tokong ("Chinese temple") that gave its name to Tanjong Tokong. Officially known as the Thai Pak Koong Temple, is one of the oldest and most important Tua Pek Kong temples in Penang, and is also one of the oldest in the region. Incidentally, "Thai Pak Koong" is the Hakka pronunciation of Tua33 Pek1 Kong1, which is the Hokkien pronunciation. \\
+\\
+The official name of the Tanjong Tokong Tua Pek Kong Temple (in Taiji Romanisation) is Hai1 Choo3 Su33 Tua33 Pek1 Kong3 Beo33  海珠嶼大伯公廟. "Hai Choo" means "sea pearl". That's the Hokkien name of Tanjong Tokong. This Tua Pek Kong temple is believed to be original Tua Pek Kong temple that eventually sprouts the worship of Tua Pek Kong throughout West Malaysia, Singapore and East Malaysia. \\
+\\
+The name Tua Pek Kong means "Great Grand Uncle". Although there are Tua Pek Kong temples all over the country, this one venerates the deified form of a historical personality known as Zhang Li (also written Chang Lee and Chang Li), a mid-18th century scholar of Hakka (also called Khek by the Hokkiens) descent. Zhang Li left a troubled China along with two other companions (in some documents, they were described as his brothers) Qiu Zhao-Jin and Ma Fu-Chun. \\
+\\
+Enroute for Sumatra, their boat was blown off course and they landed in Penang instead. There they settled and established a Chinese settlement in Tanjong Tokong. After they passed on, they were buried in graves that today is to the left of the Tua Pek Kong Temple. This happened in the mid-18th century, some forty years before the arrival of Francis Light to establish George Town."//
+(Sumber: Timothy Tye, 2017: {{ :laman:tanjung_tokong_tua_pek_kong_temple_海珠嶼大伯公廟.pdf ||}}[[https://www.penang-traveltips.com/tanjong-tokong-tuapekkong-temple.htm|"Tanjong Tokong Tua Pek Kong Temple 海珠嶼大伯公廟"]]).
+==== Sumber 2: Mohd Salleh Yahaya (2010) ====
+Namun pendapat ini disangkal oleh sesetengah pihak yang lain:-
+//"Pengisytiharan bahawa wujudnya penempatan China di Pulau Pinang iaitu di Tanjong Tokong telah diterima dengan mudah tanpa sebarang bukti. Hakikatnya setiap petempatan asing yang bertapak di Pulau Pinang mestilah mendapat restu sultan Kedah. Pulau Pinang adalah wilayah kekuasaannya. Pasti sesebuah petempatan dibuka dengan keizinan baginda. Begitu juga dengan petempatan Melayu. \\
+\\
+Hal ini telah berlaku ke atas pembukaan kawasan-kawasan tertentu di Pulau Pinang. Gelugor dibuka oleh Datuk Jenaton atas restu Sultan Mohamad Jewa pada tahun 1742. Batu Uban dibuka oleh Datuk Nakhoda Intan pada pertengahan abad ke 18. Bagitu juga dengan Jelutong dan Tanjong Penaga(George Town) dibuka oleh Datuk Nakhoda Kecil. \\
+\\
+Bayan Lepas, Datuk Keramat,Batu Feringhi,Teluk Tikus, Kelawai dan sebagainya telah dibuka oleh para peneroka,pedagang dan nakhoda Melayu dari alam Nusantara.Petempatan ini menjadi perkampungan para nelayan yang berulang –alik di antara pantai Kedah dan Pulau Pinang. Pantai di pesisir Pulau Pinang dan seberang Kedah jelas pada pandangan mata.Hanya dipisahkan oleh selat sempit “ Selat Utara”. \\
+..... \\
+Tanjong Tok Kong adalah kawasan penempatan nelayan Melayu yang terkenal dan terulung. Nama Tanjong Tokong tidak ada kaitan sama sekali dengan Tua Pek Kong atau sebarang berhala, tuhan atau kepercayaan orang China. Masyarakat China mengaitkannya dengan tuhan kemakmuran, dewa laut dan sebagainya. Kepercayaan seperti ini sebenarnya dibawa dari luar. Ianya bukan berasal usul dari bumi Tanah Melayu untuk mendakwanya sebagai sesuatu yang sahih dan asli. \\
+\\
+Nama Tanjong Tokong jelas terserlah adalah nama Melayu. Tanjong iaitu satu kawasan yang mengunjur ke laut. Tok kependekan daripada perkataan Datuk dan Kong adalah nama gelaran yang berkaitan dengan tokoh, ketua atau panglima Melayu yang di gelar Datuk Kong. Kependekannya disebut Tok Kong. Itulah asal –usulnya yang terpancar daripada penamaannya yang sebenarnya yang diberi nama oleh orang Melayu.
+..... \\
+Membuktikan kampung Tanjong Tok Kong adalah petempatan asli Melayu seratus peratus tanpa petempatan asing dapat disahkan kerana wujudnya sebuah tanah perkuburan Islam yang luas di atas bukit Tanjong Tok Kong. Di sekitarnya terdapat banyak kampung dan naam yang hilang dek perbandaran yang pesat di era kolonial. \\
+\\
+Di antaranya ialah kampung Tembaga, Kampung Alur,Kampung Mata Air, Kampung Telaga Air, Kampung Kepala Tanjong,Kampung Balik Batu, Kampung Anjung Dangau dan Daun Peringgit.Terdapat banyak nama- nama kampung dan mukim yang kedapatan berhampiran dengannya seperti Bagan Atas, Bagan Jermal, Bau Putih, Kampung Belah Dua,Kampung Palembang dan Kampung Fuad. Inilah realiti sejarah yang hilang."//
+(Sumber: Mohd Salleh Yahaya, 15 September 2010: {{ :laman:mapan_rakyat_terpinggir_pulau_pinang_asal_usul_nama_tanjung_tokong.pdf ||}}[[https://mapanrakyatterpinggirmalaysia.blogspot.com/2010/09/asal-usul-nama-tanjung-tokong.html|"Asal Usul nama tanjung Tokong"]]).
+==== Sumber 3: Mohd Salleh Yahaya (2018) ====
+//"Aktivis warisan Melayu Pulau Pinang Mohd Salleh Yahaya berkata, nama Tanjong Tokong merujuk kepada bentuk muka bumi kawasan itu yang mempunyai banyak longgokan batu besar di sepanjang pesisir pantai. “Tanjong Tokong sebuah tanjung yang dipenuhi batu gondol dan terjemahan yang tepat bagi Tanjong Tokong adalah Cape of Rocky Islet dan bukan Cape of Temple. “Mengikut rujukan, Tokong itu bermaksud batu gondol besar yang tidak mempunyai sebarang tumbuhan yang tumbuh di atasnya. “Penamaan Tanjong Tokong ini juga bersifat 100 peratus Melayu dan tiada kena mengena dengan binaan berhala daripada mana-mana anutan agama,” katanya. Beliau berkata demikian pada Sesi Syarahan Pusat Penyelidikan Dasar dan Kajian Antarabangsa (CenPRIS)-Datuk Jenaton di Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) di sini, semalam. Mengulas lanjut, Mohd Salleh yang mengkaji sejarah Tanjong Tokong sejak 30 tahun lalu berkata, Tanjong Tokong mula didiami penduduk kira-kira tahun 1600-an. Katanya, kebanyakan penduduk berasal dari Kedah yang terdiri daripada golongan nelayan tradisi. “Ketika itu, Tanjong Tokong sebuah perkampungan nelayan yang didiami ramai penduduk Melayu dan dianggarkan ada lebih 10 kampung di situ,” katanya."// (Siti Sofia Md Nasir @ Harian Metro, 1 Ogos 2018: {{ ::akhbar:tanjong_tokong_perkampungan_melayu_paling_awal.pdf ||}}[[https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2018/08/363721/tanjong-tokong-perkampungan-melayu-paling-awal|"Tanjong Tokong perkampungan Melayu paling awal"]]).