tanjung_tokong_awal
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| tanjung_tokong_awal [2025/03/12 11:58] – [Kegiatan Pendakwah Muslim Sejak 1750-an] sazli | tanjung_tokong_awal [2025/03/12 21:53] (kini) – [Perkuburan di Bukit Meriam] sazli | ||
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| * [[tanjung_tokong|Tanjung Tokong]] | * [[tanjung_tokong|Tanjung Tokong]] | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== Sejarah Awal: Teluk, Pulau, Kampung, dan Bukit Tikus ===== | ||
| (Sumber utama: Wazir Jahan Karim, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, | (Sumber utama: Wazir Jahan Karim, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, | ||
| Line 12: | Line 10: | ||
| //" | //" | ||
| - | ==== Teluk dan Pulau Tikus ==== | + | ===== Teluk dan Pulau Tikus ===== |
| + | |||
| + | //"In the sixteenth century the island of Pulo Pinaom (Malay, pinang; ‘betel-nut’ island) or Pulau Kesatu (Malay, ‘the first island’) was known to Portuguese traders coming from Goa to the East Indies in search of spices. They used the island to replenish their water supply, and the name of the landing site, Batu Ferringhi (Malay: ‘European or foreigner’s rock’), is currently the name of the most densely occupied coastal area of the northeastern district of Penang (Map 1). The Malay term of reference, Ferringhi, suggests that Malay fishing communities had already existed on this part of the island where the Portuguese landed.[2] Further south on the northeast coast lies the promontory (tanjong) of Tanjong Tokong at the bay (teluk) of what was formerly called Teluk Tikus (Malay: ‘Rat Bay’) by local Malays.[3: Sibert (2002: 1) suggests that the name tikus was given by Malays to refer to the mud ridges at low tide: ‘the shoals of sand banks which appeared like the back of rats leading on to what is historically known as Pulau Tikus [an inland Island of Rats?]’. Malays agree that the mud ridges looked like the back of rats with long tails and that at low tide they could wade to Pulau Tikus. The island off Tanjong Tokong and the bay was thus named.] An island off this cape, Pulau Tikus (Malay: Rat Island), was a popular resting spot for Malay fishermen. This small island contains a keramat Dato’ (sea spirit shrine) formerly founded and maintained by Malay pawang (sea sorcerers). The rise of Islamic revivalism in the 1980s caused much furore over Malay beliefs in sea spirits and the shrine was taken over by Chinese fishermen who use Malay pawang to bless and propitiate the shrine spirit. Pawang continue to be famed specialists of Tanjong Tokong although their public roles as sea sorcerers have diminished in coastal Malay villages.[4] The main marketplace of George Town continues to be called Pulau Tikus and, although Pulau Tikus and the area now called Cantonment Road characterized a coastal Malay community more than a century ago, natural reclamation from a retreating shoreline has transformed this into a dense commercial and residential area occupied mostly by Hokkien Chinese. Many of the native Pulau Tikus Malay families have since moved to Bagan Jermal and Pantai Molek, in the vicinity of Tanjong Tokong, while the more professionally trained generations of coastal Malays have moved to Kuala Lumpur."// | ||
| - | //"In the sixteenth century the island of Pulo Pinaom (Malay, | + | {{: |
| - | on this part of the island where the Portuguese landed.[2] Further south on the northeast coast lies the promontory (tanjong) of Tanjong Tokong at the bay (teluk) of what was formerly called Teluk Tikus (Malay: ‘Rat Bay’) by local Malays.[3: Sibert (2002: | + | //" |
| //"The area now called Tanjong Tokong, sited at Teluk Tikus (Map 1), was pioneered by Kedah Malays who fished and collected jungle products, including mangrove wood, bamboo, nibong and coconut fronds for fishing stakes, house construction, | //"The area now called Tanjong Tokong, sited at Teluk Tikus (Map 1), was pioneered by Kedah Malays who fished and collected jungle products, including mangrove wood, bamboo, nibong and coconut fronds for fishing stakes, house construction, | ||
| Line 32: | Line 32: | ||
| pirates and Siamese invaders, Kedah Malays were already occupants of the coastal areas of the island as fishermen, traders and pirates enjoying a symbiotic interdependency in maritime trade and economics.[14] Karim also confirms that the areas were occupied by Malay coastal fishing and farming communities prior to its founding in 1786.[15] Captain James Low estimated that there were about 1,500 Malays before 1800 and by 1826 about 84,500. The surge in population was a result of the Siamese invasion of Kedah by the Raja of Ligor in November 1821.[16]"// | pirates and Siamese invaders, Kedah Malays were already occupants of the coastal areas of the island as fishermen, traders and pirates enjoying a symbiotic interdependency in maritime trade and economics.[14] Karim also confirms that the areas were occupied by Malay coastal fishing and farming communities prior to its founding in 1786.[15] Captain James Low estimated that there were about 1,500 Malays before 1800 and by 1826 about 84,500. The surge in population was a result of the Siamese invasion of Kedah by the Raja of Ligor in November 1821.[16]"// | ||
| - | ==== Kampung Tikus ==== | + | ===== Kampung Tikus ===== |
| //" | //" | ||
| as Kampung Tanjong Tokong, was located.[23] These land titles were given to Catholic seminaries some time after 1786 although Malay local history stated that the hill was first occupied as a military post after the cannon, dated 1785, was placed there. They were chased down Cannon Hill about a year before the official ‘founding’ of Penang and the hill was taken over by the mission."// | as Kampung Tanjong Tokong, was located.[23] These land titles were given to Catholic seminaries some time after 1786 although Malay local history stated that the hill was first occupied as a military post after the cannon, dated 1785, was placed there. They were chased down Cannon Hill about a year before the official ‘founding’ of Penang and the hill was taken over by the mission."// | ||
| - | ==== Bukit Tikus ==== | + | ===== Bukit Tikus ===== |
| + | |||
| + | Terdapat beberapa naratif tentang sejarah Bukit Tikus:- | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Sumber 1: Wazir Jahan Karim (2013) | ||
| //"One of the Indian Muslim traders who befriended Captain Francis Light along the coastal trading posts of Kuala Kedah was Bapu Alaidin, a trader in cattle, buffalo, betel-nut, fish and mangrove wood.[24] Bapu Alaidin followed Captain Francis Light to Penang, where he took him to the strategic site on the hill of Teluk, Bukit Tikus, now named Bukit Meriam, overlooking Fort Cornwallis or Tanjong Penaga. On this hill was located a Malay and Jawi Peranakan village with a sprawling cemetery."// | //"One of the Indian Muslim traders who befriended Captain Francis Light along the coastal trading posts of Kuala Kedah was Bapu Alaidin, a trader in cattle, buffalo, betel-nut, fish and mangrove wood.[24] Bapu Alaidin followed Captain Francis Light to Penang, where he took him to the strategic site on the hill of Teluk, Bukit Tikus, now named Bukit Meriam, overlooking Fort Cornwallis or Tanjong Penaga. On this hill was located a Malay and Jawi Peranakan village with a sprawling cemetery."// | ||
| Line 51: | Line 55: | ||
| (m.s. 11). | (m.s. 11). | ||
| - | ==== 1785: Pengusiran Penduduk Bukit Tikus (Bukit Meriam) | + | === 1785: Pengusiran Penduduk Bukit Tikus (Bukit Meriam) === |
| //" | //" | ||
| Line 66: | Line 70: | ||
| A century later, Malay landownership on the island was almost negligible when the Torrens system was introduced in 1889, requiring all land owners to have title deeds, registered and issued by the state.[31]"// | A century later, Malay landownership on the island was almost negligible when the Torrens system was introduced in 1889, requiring all land owners to have title deeds, registered and issued by the state.[31]"// | ||
| - | ==== Bukit Meriam == Bukit Paderi | + | === Bukit Meriam == Bukit Paderi === |
| //" | //" | ||
| Line 76: | Line 80: | ||
| The cemetery, however, was not destroyed. When the mission and military occupied this hill where the original village of Tanjong Tokong was located and had chased the villagers from the hilltop to the edge of the hill, the village on the hilltop merged with the Malay fishermen who had huts at the water’s edge on what was previously called Kampung Telaga Air (Map 2). The early families of traders, who were mostly Indian Muslims, secured their titles, but families of pirates and fishermen lost out in this venture. Without their ‘fort’ (kubu) on the hill they were reduced to petty mercenaries and poor fishermen."// | The cemetery, however, was not destroyed. When the mission and military occupied this hill where the original village of Tanjong Tokong was located and had chased the villagers from the hilltop to the edge of the hill, the village on the hilltop merged with the Malay fishermen who had huts at the water’s edge on what was previously called Kampung Telaga Air (Map 2). The early families of traders, who were mostly Indian Muslims, secured their titles, but families of pirates and fishermen lost out in this venture. Without their ‘fort’ (kubu) on the hill they were reduced to petty mercenaries and poor fishermen."// | ||
| - | {{: | + | {{: |
| - | on the hill. (Courtesy of Laurence Loh. Research on mapping | + | on the Conservation of Tanjong Tokong’, March 2010.)}}{{:peta: |
| - | on the Conservation of Tanjong Tokong’, March 2010.)}} | + | **Kiri**: //"MAP 2. Map of Telok Ticoose (Tanjong Tokong) 1785, showing a Jawi-Peranakan settlement |
| - | **Kiri**: //"MAP 1. Pulo Penang or Prince | + | |
| - | **Kanan**: //"MAP 2. Map of Telok Ticoose (Tanjong Tokong) 1785, showing a Jawi-Peranakan settlement | + | |
| on the hill. (Courtesy of Laurence Loh. Research on mapping by Wazir Jahan Karim: ‘Dossier | on the hill. (Courtesy of Laurence Loh. Research on mapping by Wazir Jahan Karim: ‘Dossier | ||
| - | on the Conservation of Tanjong Tokong’, March 2010.)"// | + | on the Conservation of Tanjong Tokong’, March 2010.)"// |
| + | **Kanan**: //"Map of Tanjung Tokong from 1786, showing the movement of the Jawi-Peranakan settlement down to the east coast."// | ||
| //" | //" | ||
| Line 92: | Line 95: | ||
| //"In return for taking Captain Francis Light to Tanjong Tokong, Bapu Alaidin asked Light for parcels of land at Tanjong Tikus.[35] Bapu Alaidin did not help local Malays secure land titles despite his close connections to Francis Light, nor did he engage in philanthropy despite accumulating immense wealth in Kedah, Perak and Penang.[36] Families who later procured titles were descended from Bapu Alaidin Meera Hussein Lebai, from Kuala Sungei. Tajuddin Ariff and Wan Chik Ariff inherited much of Bapu Alaidin’s wealth. They sold a portion of their land to the Hai Zhu Tua Phek Kong in 1964. It is believed that Bapu Alaidin cleared the land on the peak of Tanjong Tokong for the cemetery, and this remains the only parcel of Malay Muslim endowed land (waqf) on the peak of Mount Meriam.[37] Since this precolonial settlement was on the water’s edge, the Malays made no attempt to procure titles. They had assumed the shore and its resources were theirs."// | //"In return for taking Captain Francis Light to Tanjong Tokong, Bapu Alaidin asked Light for parcels of land at Tanjong Tikus.[35] Bapu Alaidin did not help local Malays secure land titles despite his close connections to Francis Light, nor did he engage in philanthropy despite accumulating immense wealth in Kedah, Perak and Penang.[36] Families who later procured titles were descended from Bapu Alaidin Meera Hussein Lebai, from Kuala Sungei. Tajuddin Ariff and Wan Chik Ariff inherited much of Bapu Alaidin’s wealth. They sold a portion of their land to the Hai Zhu Tua Phek Kong in 1964. It is believed that Bapu Alaidin cleared the land on the peak of Tanjong Tokong for the cemetery, and this remains the only parcel of Malay Muslim endowed land (waqf) on the peak of Mount Meriam.[37] Since this precolonial settlement was on the water’s edge, the Malays made no attempt to procure titles. They had assumed the shore and its resources were theirs."// | ||
| - | ==== Kegiatan Pendakwah Muslim Sejak 1750-an ==== | + | ==== Sumber 2: Eugene Quah (2024) ==== |
| + | |||
| + | //" | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | College General is also known as Mariophile, a name referring to the entire property, and not just the bungalow. What remain today are traces of what was once a vast estate and country retreat belonging to the College General of the Paris Foreign Missions Society (Société de Missions Étrangères de Paris), or the MEP. The MEP reached Malayan shores in 1781 after being expelled from Siam in 1779, arriving first at Kuala Kedah. Fr. Arnaud-Antoine Garnault and his congregation relocated to Penang in 1786 as soon as the British settled there. \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | The College General can trace its history “back to the very first seminary in the region established in Ayutthaya, Siam, by the MEP in 1665” for the training of Asian clergy. In 1808, free from the persecution that they had faced in Indochina, the MEP reestablished their college at George Town after a hiatus. The following year, Collège Général de Poulo-Pinang relocated to Pulau Tikus, then a ramshackle seaside village, where it would remain for the next two centuries until 1984, when the land was sold. Gurney Plaza was later built over its grand main building. The College General then moved to its current location at Tanjung Bungah. \\ | ||
| + | ..... \\ | ||
| + | Mariophile means “fond of Mary”, from the Latin word for Mary, mari and the French suffix “-phile”. This term reflects the Catholic tradition of Marian devotion, which places special emphasis on the veneration of Jesus Christ’s mother. \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | French historian, Bernard Patary, an authority on the history of the College General, stated that as early as 1834, “the minutes [of the College] refer to two plantations, | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | The earliest mention of Mariophile that I managed to find was in a letter dated 28 October 1843 by the Superior, Fr. Claude-Charles Tisserand, regarding some travaux á Mariophile (works at Mariophile). During this early period, Mariophile appeared to be just a plantation—there is no mention of it as a retreat, nor of the presence of a country house—although there are mentions of some construction works and expenses. Another letter by him from 30 May 1846 gives us a glimpse of those early days: \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | “The good Chinaman Ya Yin Ko has been a faithful servant of the College these eleven years past. He has ever served us with marked intelligence and, above all, with unfailing loyalty. At present, he oversees the plantations at our country estate of Mariophile, which he quits but briefly to visit his wife and children, in his earnest desire to lead them upon the path of salvation.” \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | The present bungalow was built much later. The “Mémorial de La Société des Missions-Étrangères”, | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | The estate was continually expanded with adjacent lands purchased piecemeal, as shown in this letter sent from Paris to the College General dated 17 April 1849: \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | “M. Tisserand tells us in a letter we received these past few days that at the beginning of 1847 he acquired a piece of land adjacent to Mariophile for 400 piastres to clear its most uncultivated part and plant nutmeg trees there. Today, this land would be worth between 1,000 to 1,200 piastres...” \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | Seven decades later, the College General had become the largest landowner in Tanjung Tokong. The Superior, Fr. Justin Pagès, reported on 16 September 1920 that the “Mariophile plantation is 80 hectares”, | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{: | ||
| + | **Kiri**: //"The Mariophile bungalow is decorated with an old Dutch cannon in front. Construction began in 1872 and was completed by 1874. The bungalow is currently used as the archive building of the College General. The symbol of the MEP can be seen on the pediment—the letters M and E with a Christian cross. The architectural style is similar to Lim Leng Cheak’s country house, Elsiedale, 1km south of it. Photo: Eugene Quah Ter-Neng."// | ||
| + | **Kanan**: //"The Z-VOC-M cypher on this late 18th-century Dutch cannon meant it was commissioned by the Zeeland Kamer (Zeeland Chamber) of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) based in Middelburg. The trunnion inscriptions Ö and 1785 indicate it was forged in the “iron foundry in Överrum in Sweden” in that year. This cannon was likely one of the 30, including the famous Si Rambai, that were brought to Penang as war trophies in 1871 by Colonel Anson from the fort of Kuala Selangor. Sir Frederick Weld, Anson’s successor, may have donated it to the College General as a decorative piece. Inset: The Crest of the Zeeland Chamber of VOC in Middelburg. Photo: Eugene Quah Ter-Neng."// | ||
| + | |||
| + | //" | ||
| + | |||
| + | Today, the grounds of College General still cover a substantial portion of the foothills of the west-facing secondary peak of Mount Erskine. Maps show this hillock only acquired the name Bukit Paderi (Priest Hill)[3] in the 20th century. Jules Moniot’s[4] map of 1853 makes no mention of Bukit Paderi, and only records the names “Mount Erskine” and “R.C. College Plantations” for the site. \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | While oral tradition holds that the hillock was known as Bukit Meriam before the MEP acquired it—supposedly due to a cannon attributed to Captain Light—the Straits Settlements records give a different account: \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | On 15 April 1807, Thomas Stamford Raffles, then Secretary of the Penang Presidency, informed the government that John James Erskine[5] and the Company’s chaplain Rev. Atwill Lake had applied to clear an unnamed hill “to the westward of Pulo Ticoose Point[6] the property of the [East India] Company”. [See Penang Monthly’s July and August 2022 issues on Mount Erskine.] \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | There is only one hill matching that description—today’s Mount Erskine. Raffles later informed the applicants that “the Board permit you to clear the ground applied for”, indicating it was then just jungle. Erskine named the hill after himself (now colloquially known as Pearl Hill). Tellingly, in the subsequent years, he made no mention of discovering neither a cannon nor remnants of a stockade there. \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | There are also no known archival sources that show that the College General was granted any of the Mariophile lands, as suggested by oral tradition. Instead, Patary offered convincing evidence from the MEP’s own records that the lands were bought in the open market. Funds were raised through mostly rental of land and buildings, supplemented by funding sent from Paris."// | ||
| + | |||
| + | (Sumber: Eugene Quah @ Penang Monthly, 2024: {{ : | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Kegiatan Pendakwah Muslim Sejak 1750-an | ||
| //" | //" | ||
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| eastern seafront where Malay fishing villages were formerly located became the most prestigious area of housing for Hokkien Chinese kapitan, taipan and the Kedah royalty. These newcomers secured titles, while the indigenous poorer communities became even more marginalized by the British crown system of land ownership and their inability to afford to buy titles for the lands they were occupying."// | eastern seafront where Malay fishing villages were formerly located became the most prestigious area of housing for Hokkien Chinese kapitan, taipan and the Kedah royalty. These newcomers secured titles, while the indigenous poorer communities became even more marginalized by the British crown system of land ownership and their inability to afford to buy titles for the lands they were occupying."// | ||
| - | ==== Perkuburan di Bukit Meriam ==== | + | ===== Perkuburan di Bukit Meriam |
| //"The Tanjong Tokong Cemetery on Mount Meriam (Cannon Hill) \\ | //"The Tanjong Tokong Cemetery on Mount Meriam (Cannon Hill) \\ | ||
| Line 126: | Line 171: | ||
| (Sumber utama: Wazir Jahan Karim, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, | (Sumber utama: Wazir Jahan Karim, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, | ||
| Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 86, Part 1, June 2013, No. 304 pp. 1-29: {{ :: | Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 86, Part 1, June 2013, No. 304 pp. 1-29: {{ :: | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Asal-Usul Nama " | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Sumber 1: Timothy Tye (2017) ==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Sesetengah pihak berpendapat nama " | ||
| + | |||
| + | //" | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | The official name of the Tanjong Tokong Tua Pek Kong Temple (in Taiji Romanisation) is Hai1 Choo3 Su33 Tua33 Pek1 Kong3 Beo33 海珠嶼大伯公廟. "Hai Choo" means "sea pearl" | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | The name Tua Pek Kong means "Great Grand Uncle" | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | Enroute for Sumatra, their boat was blown off course and they landed in Penang instead. There they settled and established a Chinese settlement in Tanjong Tokong. After they passed on, they were buried in graves that today is to the left of the Tua Pek Kong Temple. This happened in the mid-18th century, some forty years before the arrival of Francis Light to establish George Town."// | ||
| + | |||
| + | (Sumber: Timothy Tye, 2017: {{ : | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Sumber 2: Mohd Salleh Yahaya (2010) ==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Namun pendapat ini disangkal oleh sesetengah pihak yang lain:- | ||
| + | |||
| + | //" | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | Hal ini telah berlaku ke atas pembukaan kawasan-kawasan tertentu di Pulau Pinang. Gelugor dibuka oleh Datuk Jenaton atas restu Sultan Mohamad Jewa pada tahun 1742. Batu Uban dibuka oleh Datuk Nakhoda Intan pada pertengahan abad ke 18. Bagitu juga dengan Jelutong dan Tanjong Penaga(George Town) dibuka oleh Datuk Nakhoda Kecil. \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | Bayan Lepas, Datuk Keramat, | ||
| + | ..... \\ | ||
| + | Tanjong Tok Kong adalah kawasan penempatan nelayan Melayu yang terkenal dan terulung. Nama Tanjong Tokong tidak ada kaitan sama sekali dengan Tua Pek Kong atau sebarang berhala, tuhan atau kepercayaan orang China. Masyarakat China mengaitkannya dengan tuhan kemakmuran, dewa laut dan sebagainya. Kepercayaan seperti ini sebenarnya dibawa dari luar. Ianya bukan berasal usul dari bumi Tanah Melayu untuk mendakwanya sebagai sesuatu yang sahih dan asli. \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | Nama Tanjong Tokong jelas terserlah adalah nama Melayu. Tanjong iaitu satu kawasan yang mengunjur ke laut. Tok kependekan daripada perkataan Datuk dan Kong adalah nama gelaran yang berkaitan dengan tokoh, ketua atau panglima Melayu yang di gelar Datuk Kong. Kependekannya disebut Tok Kong. Itulah asal –usulnya yang terpancar daripada penamaannya yang sebenarnya yang diberi nama oleh orang Melayu. | ||
| + | ..... \\ | ||
| + | Membuktikan kampung Tanjong Tok Kong adalah petempatan asli Melayu seratus peratus tanpa petempatan asing dapat disahkan kerana wujudnya sebuah tanah perkuburan Islam yang luas di atas bukit Tanjong Tok Kong. Di sekitarnya terdapat banyak kampung dan naam yang hilang dek perbandaran yang pesat di era kolonial. \\ | ||
| + | \\ | ||
| + | Di antaranya ialah kampung Tembaga, Kampung Alur, | ||
| + | |||
| + | (Sumber: Mohd Salleh Yahaya, 15 September 2010: {{ : | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Sumber 3: Mohd Salleh Yahaya (2018) ==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | //" | ||
tanjung_tokong_awal.1741751917.txt.gz · Last modified: 2025/03/12 11:58 by sazli